salam,
buat semua muslim dan muslimat yang singgah di bekas tapak kaki ini, saya ucapkan selamat menyambut tahun baru..semoga tahun ini lebih baik dari tahun-tahun sebelumnya..semoga Allah ampunkan segala dosa-dosa kita..semoga saudara-saudara kita di palestin mendapat keamanan..semoga gejala rasuah di negara semakin berkurangan..semoga 'ketidakstabilan' politik dan ekonomi di kebanyakan negara termasuk UK dan Malaysia dapat diatasi..semoga Allah kurniakan kesihatan yang berpanjangan untuk kita semua..semoga kita dapat menjadikan segala pengalaman pahit sebagai iktibar dan 'move on'..
oh hati, tenanglah....
******************
bile reflect diri, tibe2 rase sedih. tak tahu nape. mungkin banyak sgt menghabeskan duit. rase bersalah dengan orang susah. mungkin juge rase hepi sgt. pastu rase bersalah lagi. mungkin hepiness itu fake. mungkin juge tak patut. orang tue2 cakap banyak sgt gelak nnt menangis. betul la kot. mungkin saje hormon yang terlebih. mungkin juge sebab cuti. rase mellow. tapi tak cuti pun kadang2 rase gak camni. oh, mungkin tak cukup bizi.yes. kene lebih membizikan diri.
*******************
maafla, mood dalam entry ini bertukar-tukar..type je padam, pastu try lagi..pastu padam lagi. nasib baik blog sendiri :-)
hmm, cukup2 la tu merepek.
salam maal hijrah dari nottingham.
diagnosis
OSCE of the day..
- disturbed sleeping-pattern
- loss of appetite (alarming!!!)
- lethargy
- disoriented
- social withdrawal behaviour
what is the diagnosis for the above symptoms?
p/s: my pet...she's got all those symptoms...what a pity
misi hari ini
~~~~~~~~~~~sedang cube menyiapkan lagi 3 ribu perkataan untuk intro~~~~~~~~
bile hantar?...ESOK!!!!
bile hantar?...ESOK!!!!
TTX continued
fact: in Haiti, voodoo believers (mak/pak dukun) use TTX extracted from newts and puffer fish to create 'zombie poison'. the term zombification is used since victims of this poison will experience muscle paralysis; conscious but unable to move...cam mayat hidup le..oh, it's amazing how these people can create this deadly poison to harm other people,..tikam je la ngn pisau lagi senang..
treatment for TTX poisoning: NO KNOWN ANTIDOTE!!! (pak/mak dukun voodoo bersorak kegirangan..)
however, some measures can be taken to counteract TTX poisoning. in 1973, Torda et.al stated that the treatment for TTX poisoning is essentially supportive, focusing on treating/ reducing the effects and symptoms until all TTX mlcs are excreted.
if TTX is ingested, gastric lavage;' emptying all nasty things in the stomach' will be performed. activated charcoal is also given to the victim so that the charcoal can bind with TTX molecules, preventing them from binding to TTX binding site on voltage-gated sodium channels. the victim should be artificially ventilated to ensure respiration (breathing). this is important as breathing failure is the underlying cause of death in TTX poisoning. A. Alcaraz suggested that TTX can be destroyed by using alkaline solution or strong acidic solution since TTX is soluble in acidic aq solution.
symptoms which resolve over a period of days with a good prognosis if patients survive 18 to 24 hours after ingestion of TTX. (Bower et al, 1981)
future treatment
monoclonal antibody was produced and used on mice. the mice were injected with TTX and soon followed by injection of the antibody.it is shown that this immunisation causes TTX to become non-toxin and the antibody also showed high specificity towards TTX.
(kendo matsumura, 1994)
p/s: tiup kanan tiup kiri..puff2x esok nye essay que kuar pasal TTX puff2x ;-) all the best to me!
treatment for TTX poisoning: NO KNOWN ANTIDOTE!!! (pak/mak dukun voodoo bersorak kegirangan..)
however, some measures can be taken to counteract TTX poisoning. in 1973, Torda et.al stated that the treatment for TTX poisoning is essentially supportive, focusing on treating/ reducing the effects and symptoms until all TTX mlcs are excreted.
if TTX is ingested, gastric lavage;' emptying all nasty things in the stomach' will be performed. activated charcoal is also given to the victim so that the charcoal can bind with TTX molecules, preventing them from binding to TTX binding site on voltage-gated sodium channels. the victim should be artificially ventilated to ensure respiration (breathing). this is important as breathing failure is the underlying cause of death in TTX poisoning. A. Alcaraz suggested that TTX can be destroyed by using alkaline solution or strong acidic solution since TTX is soluble in acidic aq solution.
symptoms which resolve over a period of days with a good prognosis if patients survive 18 to 24 hours after ingestion of TTX. (Bower et al, 1981)
future treatment
monoclonal antibody was produced and used on mice. the mice were injected with TTX and soon followed by injection of the antibody.it is shown that this immunisation causes TTX to become non-toxin and the antibody also showed high specificity towards TTX.
(kendo matsumura, 1994)
p/s: tiup kanan tiup kiri..puff2x esok nye essay que kuar pasal TTX puff2x ;-) all the best to me!
ikan buntal
sape pernah makan ikan buntal a.k.a puffer fish a.k.a diodontid spp..pernah?..pernah?..
saye pon tak pernah..ekeke
ikan buntal is highly poisonous because it contains a neurotoxin known as tetrodotoxin (TTX).this toxin is highly concentrated mainly in gonads (telur), intestines, liver, and skin of this fish.as some people may already know, puffer fish is famous in japan as it is one of the japan's traditional delicacies called fugu. but do you know, between 1993-2006, there were 23 reported cases of puffer fish poisoning in Japan involving fishermen eating their catch of puffer fish. also, do you know that the incidence of TTX poisoning worldwide is around 250 cases in which its mortality rate is 60%. having said that, of 10 people poisoned by this neurotoxin, 6 of them will DIE! scary right?..hell yeah..but people still eat the fish.
about TTX
it is a product of bacteria called pseudomonas tetrodonis which may live in the fish. TTX is colourless, heat stable, and sparingly soluble in water. however, it is highly soluble in strong acidic solution. not only in puffer fish, TTX can also be found in blue-ringed octopus, certain newts, frogs, salamanders, and horse crabs. the most important thing, it has both neurotoxic, and cardiotoxic effects.
the lethal dose for TTX is between 8-20ug/kg.
the effects of TTX
when someone ingested TTX by consuming puffer fish, the symptoms may be shown 30 minutes after ingestion. sometimes, the symptoms may be delayed up to 4 hours after ingestion.
the effect starts with paresthesia or numbness of the lips and tongue. this may be followed by tingling sensation. he will also experince muscle weakness, nausea, vomiting, ataxia, and skin blistering. in severe cases, the victim may get, cyanosis, cardiac arrhythmia, general paralysis and eventually death. evans MH stated that the death of TTX poisoning is due to paralysis of diaphragm resulting in respiratory failure.
ok, now we know what someone will get when he/she ingested TTX. but how do these symptoms occur?
TTX selectively targets voltage-gated sodium channels which are important in generating action potentials. it binds to the extracellular pore on sodium channels resulting in action potential blockade. there are two types sodium channels involving TTX binding site. TTX resistance voltage-gated sodium channels and TTX sensitive voltage-gated sodium channels. TTX-r channel is primarily found in cardiac muscles whereas TTX-s channels dominate the rest tissues in the body such as skeletal muscles, brain, kidney, and so on. thus, the organs with the latter channels were compromised more than cardiac muscles. in skeletal muscle, failure in generating action potential will cause muscle paralysis.
although the brain is dominated by TTX-s sodium channels, the neurotoxin a.k.a TTX cannot cross blood brain barrier (BBB). therefore, brain is not hugely affected by TTX toxin. that's why the victim is conscious even though immobile. evans MH, 1969, reported that TTX levels are highest in kidney and heart of victim's body but lowest in blood and brain.
to be continued..
p/s: as a matter of fact, i was revising for my neurotox paper...and was trying to memorise about TTX...so yeah..this entry is boring.. ;-p
saye pon tak pernah..ekeke
ikan buntal is highly poisonous because it contains a neurotoxin known as tetrodotoxin (TTX).this toxin is highly concentrated mainly in gonads (telur), intestines, liver, and skin of this fish.as some people may already know, puffer fish is famous in japan as it is one of the japan's traditional delicacies called fugu. but do you know, between 1993-2006, there were 23 reported cases of puffer fish poisoning in Japan involving fishermen eating their catch of puffer fish. also, do you know that the incidence of TTX poisoning worldwide is around 250 cases in which its mortality rate is 60%. having said that, of 10 people poisoned by this neurotoxin, 6 of them will DIE! scary right?..hell yeah..but people still eat the fish.
about TTX
it is a product of bacteria called pseudomonas tetrodonis which may live in the fish. TTX is colourless, heat stable, and sparingly soluble in water. however, it is highly soluble in strong acidic solution. not only in puffer fish, TTX can also be found in blue-ringed octopus, certain newts, frogs, salamanders, and horse crabs. the most important thing, it has both neurotoxic, and cardiotoxic effects.
the lethal dose for TTX is between 8-20ug/kg.
the effects of TTX
when someone ingested TTX by consuming puffer fish, the symptoms may be shown 30 minutes after ingestion. sometimes, the symptoms may be delayed up to 4 hours after ingestion.
the effect starts with paresthesia or numbness of the lips and tongue. this may be followed by tingling sensation. he will also experince muscle weakness, nausea, vomiting, ataxia, and skin blistering. in severe cases, the victim may get, cyanosis, cardiac arrhythmia, general paralysis and eventually death. evans MH stated that the death of TTX poisoning is due to paralysis of diaphragm resulting in respiratory failure.
ok, now we know what someone will get when he/she ingested TTX. but how do these symptoms occur?
TTX selectively targets voltage-gated sodium channels which are important in generating action potentials. it binds to the extracellular pore on sodium channels resulting in action potential blockade. there are two types sodium channels involving TTX binding site. TTX resistance voltage-gated sodium channels and TTX sensitive voltage-gated sodium channels. TTX-r channel is primarily found in cardiac muscles whereas TTX-s channels dominate the rest tissues in the body such as skeletal muscles, brain, kidney, and so on. thus, the organs with the latter channels were compromised more than cardiac muscles. in skeletal muscle, failure in generating action potential will cause muscle paralysis.
although the brain is dominated by TTX-s sodium channels, the neurotoxin a.k.a TTX cannot cross blood brain barrier (BBB). therefore, brain is not hugely affected by TTX toxin. that's why the victim is conscious even though immobile. evans MH, 1969, reported that TTX levels are highest in kidney and heart of victim's body but lowest in blood and brain.
to be continued..
p/s: as a matter of fact, i was revising for my neurotox paper...and was trying to memorise about TTX...so yeah..this entry is boring.. ;-p
happy birthday ann!
today...today is the birthday of a very dear friend/x-housemate/x-cookingmate-----> ann
HAPPY BIRTHDAY!!
MAY UR WISH OF GETTING..............(not gonna say it here).....WILL BECOME TRUE!
xoxo
bekas rakan memasakmu di 15 sillitoe court
dapur banjir
semalam...mengingatkan betapa lamenye dah tak cuci baju..gi la cuci baju gune washing machine burok yang ade kat dapur umah ni...pastu nek atas balik...pastu rase lapar lak.., turun la carik makanan..tibe2..jengjeng
"owh nooooooooo!!!!!!, dapur banjir"
S, saksi di tempat kejadian mengesahkan bahawa air datang dari washing-machine. mungkinkah ia bocor?..(burok la katenye.. ;-p )
A, saksi kedua di tempat kejadian mencadangkan supaya kite menelepon mr.w a.k.a tuan rumah/lanlord/tuan punye mesin basuh burok itu. dalam pada itu, tuan punye baju2 yang berada dalam mesin basuh burok itu a.k.a ana la! tgh sebok memainkan peranan sebagai cinderella yang cantek, mengelap lantai dapur dengan harapan air akan hilang sekaligus membersihkan lantai dapur umah kitorang (ade la gak hikmah dapur banjir, mungkin sbb dah lame tak mop kehkeh)
owh, kembali kepada kejadian banjir, saksi menelepon mr. w. semase saksi melaporkan butir2 kejadian, suare latar di belakang a.k.a ana lah! kedengaran, meminta mr.w datang asap sbb air kuar lagi!!!
mr.w dengan santainye berkate, "dun worry, stop the washing machine first" (haah, asal la lupe nk tutop mesin basuh burok tu..)
menurut mr.w, kejadian itu mungkin disebabkan oleh paip umah yang beku oleh kerana cuaca yang terlalu sejuk. akibatnye, air tak leh mengalir keluar..pastu backflow la...
oooooooo.....
mr.w berjanji akan datang untuk melihat/memulihkan ape yang patut. kurang sejam, die datang bersama pembantunye.setelah pemeriksaan dijalankan, mr.w yang beraksi sebagai mcgyver kitorang mengesahkan bahawa banjir disebabkan oleh PAIP TERSUMBAT. pastu die menukar peranan sebagai tukang paip plak, cube untuk membuka saluran paip dapur...rupe2 nye... bnyak mende dalam paip tu (tak yah la cakap ape mende)..patut le tersumbat...ceh, kalo cuace ade perasaan, mesti die kecik hati sbb mr.w salahkan cuace pada mulenye...hehehehe
akhirnye, dapur, paip, dan mesin basuh burok itu kembali seperti biase...time kasih incik w, kalau la anda tiade, sape la nk baiki paip tersumbat tu ye..huhuhu
"owh nooooooooo!!!!!!, dapur banjir"
S, saksi di tempat kejadian mengesahkan bahawa air datang dari washing-machine. mungkinkah ia bocor?..(burok la katenye.. ;-p )
A, saksi kedua di tempat kejadian mencadangkan supaya kite menelepon mr.w a.k.a tuan rumah/lanlord/tuan punye mesin basuh burok itu. dalam pada itu, tuan punye baju2 yang berada dalam mesin basuh burok itu a.k.a ana la! tgh sebok memainkan peranan sebagai cinderella yang cantek, mengelap lantai dapur dengan harapan air akan hilang sekaligus membersihkan lantai dapur umah kitorang (ade la gak hikmah dapur banjir, mungkin sbb dah lame tak mop kehkeh)
owh, kembali kepada kejadian banjir, saksi menelepon mr. w. semase saksi melaporkan butir2 kejadian, suare latar di belakang a.k.a ana lah! kedengaran, meminta mr.w datang asap sbb air kuar lagi!!!
mr.w dengan santainye berkate, "dun worry, stop the washing machine first" (haah, asal la lupe nk tutop mesin basuh burok tu..)
menurut mr.w, kejadian itu mungkin disebabkan oleh paip umah yang beku oleh kerana cuaca yang terlalu sejuk. akibatnye, air tak leh mengalir keluar..pastu backflow la...
oooooooo.....
mr.w berjanji akan datang untuk melihat/memulihkan ape yang patut. kurang sejam, die datang bersama pembantunye.setelah pemeriksaan dijalankan, mr.w yang beraksi sebagai mcgyver kitorang mengesahkan bahawa banjir disebabkan oleh PAIP TERSUMBAT. pastu die menukar peranan sebagai tukang paip plak, cube untuk membuka saluran paip dapur...rupe2 nye... bnyak mende dalam paip tu (tak yah la cakap ape mende)..patut le tersumbat...ceh, kalo cuace ade perasaan, mesti die kecik hati sbb mr.w salahkan cuace pada mulenye...hehehehe
akhirnye, dapur, paip, dan mesin basuh burok itu kembali seperti biase...time kasih incik w, kalau la anda tiade, sape la nk baiki paip tersumbat tu ye..huhuhu
